| NORWEGIAN LANGUAGE
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SOME FACTS
Norwegian language, member of the North
Germanic, or Scandinavian, group of the
Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European
family of languages. It is spoken by about
4 million people in Norway and another million
in the other Scandinavian countries and
North America. Norwegian is a daughter language
of Old Norse. Today there are two official
forms of Norwegian: bokmal [book language]
and nynorsk [new Norwegian]. Bokmal, also
called riksmal [national language] and Dano-Norwegian,
was greatly influenced by Danish, which
was the dominant language of officialdom
when Norway was under Danish rule (1397–1814).
The language of the cities, the official
and professional classes, and literature,
bokmal came to differ greatly from the Norwegian
spoken by the common people. Since 1905,
however, orthographical and grammatical
reforms by the government have brought bokmal
closer to the popular form of Norwegian.
Nynorsk, also known as landsmal [country
language], stems from the native Norwegian
dialects that evolved from Old Norse (uninfluenced
by Danish), and it is therefore very different
from bokmal. Developed by Ivar Aasen, nynorsk
was introduced by him in 1853 as part of
a nationalistic desire to have a purely
Norwegian language for the country. It is
based on rural dialects and spoken principally
in rural areas. Both bokmal and nynorsk
are employed by the government, the schools,
and the mass media, but bokmal is by far
the more widely used of the two, especially
in education and literature. Some efforts
have been made to fuse the two forms of
Norwegian into one common Norwegian tongue
called samnorsk [common Norwegian], and
there is hope that this can be accomplished.
Norwegian grammar is fairly simple. The
form of the noun is changed only to indicate
possession and the plural, and personal
inflection of the verb has been discarded.
Like Swedish, Norwegian uses pitch accents,
but to a lesser degree. The pitch accents
give the language a musical quality and
are sometimes employed to distinguish the
meanings of homonyms. Norwegian employs
the Roman alphabet, which was introduced
in Norway in the 11th cent. and to which
three characters o, and a, have been added.
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