| PERSIAN LANGUAGE
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SOME FACTS
Persian language, member of the Iranian
group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the
Indo-European family of languages. The official
language of Iran, it has about 38 million
speakers in Iran and another 8 million in
Afghanistan. Historically the Persian language
falls into three periods: Old, Middle, and
Modern. Old Persian is known chiefly from
cuneiform inscriptions dating from the time
of the Achaemenid kings of ancient Persia
(6th–4th cent. B.C.). Old Persian
was highly inflected, as was Avestan, which
is regarded by some as a form of Old Persian
and by others as a separate tongue. Avestan
was the language of the sacred texts of
Zoroastrianism that are known as the Avesta
(probably composed c.7th–5th cent.
B.C.). Middle Persian derives directly from
Old Persian. Also called Pahlavi, Middle
Persian prevailed under the Sassanid, or
Sassanian, rulers of Persia (3d–7th
cent. A.D.). Grammatically, much simplification
of inflection took place in Middle Persian,
which was recorded both in an Aramaic alphabet
and in a script called Pahlavi. Middle Persian
also had a noteworthy literature of Manichaean
and Zoroastrian texts. The modern form of
Persian evolved directly from Middle Persian
and may be said to have begun in the 9th
or 10th cent. A.D. It has not changed much
since that date. The grammar of Modern Persian
is comparatively simple. The inflection
of nouns and verbs has been greatly reduced
since the ancient stage of the language.
A number of Arabic words were added to the
vocabulary as the result of the conquest
of the Persians by the Muslim Arabs in the
7th cent. A.D. Modern Persian is the medium
of an old and great literature and is written
in a modification of the Arabic alphabet.
Modern Persian is also known as Farsi.
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