| POLISH LANGUAGE
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SOME FACTS
Polish language, member of the West Slavic
group of the Slavic subfamily of the Indo-European
family of languages. Polish is spoken as
a first language by about 38 million people
in Poland, where it is the official language;
by more than 1 million in the other countries
of E Europe; and by about 1 million in North
America. The Polish language is written
in the Roman alphabet augmented by the use
of diacritical marks. It is extremely rich
phonetically, having 10 vowels and 35 consonants.
In pronunciation the stress is normally
placed on the penultimate syllable of a
word. A distinctive feature is the preservation
in spoken Polish of the nasal vowels which
are no longer found in the other modern
Slavic tongues. As in Czech, the nouns,
pronouns, and adjectives have seven cases
(nominative, genitive, dative, accusative,
vocative, instrumental, and locative). The
verb is inflected to indicate gender as
well as person and number, and can do so
without the use of the personal pronoun.
There are three genders (masculine, feminine,
and neuter) and two numbers (singular and
plural). A large number of diminutive and
augmentative forms is also characteristic.
The vocabulary of Polish is basically Slavic,
but it has been enriched by borrowings from
German in the Middle Ages, from Italian
during the Renaissance, from French in the
17th and 18th cent., and also from English,
White Russian, and Ukrainian. The earliest
surviving manuscripts containing Polish
words are some 12th-century Latin texts
containing Polish proper names; there are
no extant Polish writings of substantial
length from before the 14th cent. Modern
Polish came into use in the 16th cent.,
developing as the sophisticated and expressive
language of a great literature.
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